The deposits fall naturally into two major groupings, those that are of value primarily because of their ni and cu, and which tend to be rich in sulfide with the ore usually containing 20 to 90 percent sulfide, and those of value primarily because of their pge. Lesher2 1department of earth sciences, university of hong kong, hong kong, china 2mineral exploration research centre, department of earth sciences, laurentian university, sudbury, ontario, canada p3e 6b5 email. Geology, genesis, and exploration for magmatic pgecuni deposits c. Anthony james tony naldrett, frsc born 1933 is a canadian geologist. In many cases, the geology of these terranes may be poorly understood and reliable geological maps absent. Kaneko encyclopedia of life support systems eolss size and richness to constitute valuable mineral deposits such as chromium, platinum and ree. Many intrusionhosted nicu magmatic sulfide deposits, such as voiseys bay labrador, canada and jinchuan china, show evidence for latestage mobilization of highdensity, lowviscosity sulfiderich melts, which range from sulfiderich silicate magma pulses to coherent pulses of pure sulfide liquid. The metal content of the sulphides is governed by the concentration of the metals in the silicate host magma, the. Magmatic ore deposits, those formed directly by igneous processes, are of enormous economic importance, accounting for some of the most valuable accumulations of precious and strategic metals on the planet naldrett, 2004.
Hanley descriptive platinumgroup element ore deposit models preciousmetal. Tectonic settings of magmatic sulfide deposits in china. Magmatic sulphide deposits are of course important from an exploration and mining perspective because they host economic quantities of copper, nickel, and the platinum group elements pge. Magmatic sulfide deposits models 1, 2b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, and. Ga ultramaficmafic, silllike, and chonolithic intrusions that form part of the. Class nc4 covers those deposits that are related to anorthositegranitetroctolite complexes such as the nain plutonic complex of labrador, canada ripley and li, 2011. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. The geochronology, petrology and geochemistry of the erbutu deposit were described recently by peng et al. Mineral exploration companies are exploring for seafloor massive sulfide deposits. Box 28503, addis ababa, ethiopia 2department of geological sciences, university of vienna, althanstrasse 14, a1090 vienna, austria received december 31, 2003. Beukes encyclopedia of life support systems eolss figure 1. Tuzo wibon research laboratories, department of earth and planetary sciences, erindale campus, university of toronto, mississauga, ontario lsl 1c6 stephen j. Schedule geol 5606 exploration for magmatic ore deposits. Barnes department of geology, university of toronto, toronto, ontario mss iai.
Magmatic sulfide deposits fall into two major groups when considered on the basis of the value of their contained metals, one group in which ni, and, to a lesser extent, cu, are the most valuable products and a second in which the pge are the most important. Pdf download geochemistry in mineral exploration download. Magmatic sulfide deposits form when a fractionating body of magma that has intruded into the crust reaches sulfide saturation, that is, the point where the magma can no longer hold sulfur in solution, and an immiscible sulfide liquid exsolves from the silicate magma. An increasing risk to the technical capacity of the minerals exploration sector to discover new deposits is the progressive decline in the number of universities offering suitable geoscience programs. Sulfide ore deposits occupy a spectrum from accumulated pools of matte within small igneous intrusions or lava flows, mined primarily. Geology, geochemistry and reos geochronology of the jurassic zeybek volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit central pontides, turkey author links open overlay panel kurtulus gunay a cahit donmez a vural oyan b cuneyt baran a emin ciftci c osman parlak d nail y. Sulfide ore deposits occupy a spectrum from accumulated pools of matte within small igneous intrusions or lava flows, mined primarily for ni and cu, to stratiform layers of weakly disseminated sulfides within large maficultramafic intrusions, mined for platinumgroup elements. He is an authority on the geology and origin of nickelcopperplatinum group element deposits, the tectonic setting in which they occur, the petrology of associated rocks, and controls on their composition.
For example, in the langshan region in inner mongolia, ne china, two magmatic sulfide deposits associated with these types of complexes have been found. Magmatic sulphide deposits provides an updated summary of the state of understanding of the most important ni sulfide deposits. Introduction iron, in the form of cast iron and steel, is arguably the backbone of all industrial. Klein summary of relevant geologic, geoenvironmental, and geophysical information deposit geology magmatic sulfide deposits are sulfide mineral concentrations in mafic and ultramafic rocks derived from. Exploration geochemistry design and interpretation of soil surveys, 1988, geochemical. Mineralogy, geochemistry, and economic geology jens gutzmer and nicolas j.
Geochemistry in mineral exploration, 1979, arthur w. Formation of magmatic nickelsulfide ore deposits and. Although there are many researchers including us with feet in both camps, there remains a need to bring the two strands closer together. Pdf download handbook of exploration geochemistry statistics and data analysis in geochemical download full ebook.
Triggers for the formation of porphyry ore deposits in. Tectonic settings of magmatic sulfide deposits in china m. Most major magmatic cunipge sulphide deposits are thought to have formed by segregation of an immiscible sulphide melt from a silicate host magma, in response to processes such as magma mixing, rapid cooling, differentiation, and contamination. Magmatic sulfide deposits models 1, 2b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b. Geology, genesis, and exploration for magmatic pgecuni. They have been the subject of intensive study for many years, but there has been something of a polarization between. Metals are essential for the needs, wealth and sustainable development of our society.
Magmatic sulfiderich nickelcopper deposits related to. Major advances in exploration geochemistry, 19982007 cohen. With theriseof manydeveloping nations, the worlds need for metal deposits increased rapidly in. These include lowsulfide, contacttype, and reeftype pge deposits, chromite deposits, and fetiv deposits. Proterozoic mineralization identified by integrated. Data presentation and interpretation exploration geochemistry has, as with all sciences, benefited greatly. Advances in nicupge sulphide deposit models and implications for exploration technologies lightfoot, p. Volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits are forming today on the seafloor around undersea volcanoes along many mid ocean ridges, and within backarc basins and forearc rifts. The metal content of the sulphides is governed by the concentration of the metals in the silicate host magma, the sulphide meltsilicate melt. The 2016 gordon research conference on the geochemistry of mineral deposits will address new research directions in economic geology and ore deposit geochemistry that will help meet the increasing resource needs for future generations.
Volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposits, also known as vms ore deposits, are a type of metal sulfide ore deposit, mainly copperzinc which are associated with and created by volcanicassociated hydrothermal events in submarine environments these deposits are also sometimes called volcanichosted massive sulfide vhms deposits. Geology, geochemistry and exploration, springer verlaag, 728 pp. The application of volcanic geochemistry in the metallogeny of volcanichosted sulfide deposits in central newfoundland. Ripley, editors additional copies of this publication can be obtained from society of economic geologists, inc. In addition, secondary processes can produce associated asbestos, soapstone, and native copper deposits. In the case of mantlederived magmas, a high degree of partial melting of the mantle serves to. Fundamentals of magmatic sulfide deposits magmatic nicu. Nickelcopper sulfide ore deposits are found at the base of mafic and ultramafic bodies. Magmatic sulfide deposits models 1, 2b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, and 7a.
About 60% of the worlds ni and 40% of the worlds pge platinumgroupelementsare mined from magmatic sul. The deposit is part of an emerging class of convergent margin nicupge sulfide deposits where the host rocks are characterized by abundant orthopyroxene and magmatic hornblende. Magmatic sulfide deposits geology, geochemistry and. Geochronology, petrology and geochemistry of the beiligaimiao. The sudbury igneous complex is thought to be the product of complete melting of continental crust. Magmatic sulfide deposits geology, geochemistry and exploration.
The aqueous geochemistry of the platinum group elements pge in surficial, lowt hydrothermal and hight magmatichydrothermal environments 3556 j. Geology, geochemistry and reos geochronology of the jurassic. The field of geochemistry involves study of the chemical composition of the earth and other planets, the composition of rocks and soils, the cycles that involve the earths chemical components, and the interaction of those cycles with land and water. Oct, 20 porphyry ore deposits supply much of the copper, molybdenum, gold and silver used by humans. Major advances in exploration geochemistry, 19982007. The kabanga ni sulfide deposit represents one of the most significant ni sulfide discoveries of the last two decades, with current indicated mineral resources of 23. Magmatic sulfide deposits containing nickel ni and copper cu, with or without platinumgroup elements pges, account for approximately 60 percent of the worlds ni production and are active exploration targets in the united states and elsewhere. Banded iron formations banded iron formations or bif are finely bedded chemical sedimentary rocks. For many years this association was not thought to be important as a source of magmatic sulfide deposits, but the 1994 discovery of voiseys bay deposit ripley and li, 2011 changed this prevailing viewpoint. Geochemistry, alteration, and genesis of gold mineralization. Magmatic sulfide deposits geology, geochemistry and exploration naldrett, anthony j.
Volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposit wikipedia. He is considered an expert on the reaction between sulfide and silicate melts, fractional. All their host rocks, except the sudbury igneous complex, are thought to be mantle derived melts. Magmatic sulfide ore deposits elements geoscienceworld. Porphyry ore deposits supply much of the copper, molybdenum, gold and silver used by humans. Geology, genesis, and exploration for magmatic pgecu. Mar 30, 2010 the kabanga ni sulfide deposit represents one of the most significant ni sulfide discoveries of the last two decades, with current indicated mineral resources of 23. Beukes encyclopedia of life support systems eolss 1. They are the erbutu and beiligaimiao fenicu sulfide deposits.
Introduction exploration geochemistry continues to be a major contributor to mineral exploration programs at scales ranging from regional. Representatives of magmatic concentration are many and widespread, but the. Exploration for magmatic nicupge sulphide deposits. Considering the combined structural and spatial association of gold with greenschist facies, the. The advantages of integrating datasets in the search for mineralization in areas characterized by subdued relief, extensive areas of transported regolith, and a semiarid climate, are shown using direct observations e. This book is an enormously expanded and updated version of his original textbook on the subject.
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